Ultimate Outbreak

The Great Depression

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US History Notes -

Chapter 24 - The Great Depression and the New Deal,

1929-1940

Hard Times

- No even of the 20th Century had a greater effect on Americans than the Depression

- “The invisible scar” - the emotional and psychological toll of the Depression years

The Bull Market

- Following stock trading in the late 20s became as popular as following sports stars

- Prices in the late 20s far outran the real rate of industrial production

- On paper, people were very successful, but in reality, there was no real value

- Many people bought on margin (only pay for a small % of the cost now, rest later)

The Crash

- Bull market peaked in September of 1929

- Oct 23 - Dow Jones lost 21 points in one hour - many investors felt the boom was over

- Oct 29 - “Black Tuesday” - more than 16 million shares were traded as panic took over

- Hardly anyone predicted a Depression would follow - many saw potential benefits

Underlying Weaknesses

- Production had been accelerated to the extent that it was hard to adjust to the drop off

- Most of the wealth in the US was clustered at the top

- This spiral could have been stopped by mass consumer spending, but everyone saved $

- Many banks failed because of mass withdrawls - thousands lost their savings

Mass Unemployment

- 1930 - Roughly 9% of the labor work force was out of work

- 1933 - More than 25% of the labor work force was unemployed

- Unemployment left many with feelings of guilt and emotional stress

- Many contemplated suicide

- Even if people hated their jobs, they hung onto them for fear of losing them

Hoover’s Failure

- In large urban centers, unemployment neared 50%

- Although Hoover aided large-scale humanitarian projects in WWI, he did little now

- 1931 - Hoover claimed Americans were responding well to the Depression

- Declined to help out the unemployed - “It would be doing them a disservice”

- Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) - 1932

- Managed to save many banks by extending credit

Protest and the Election of 1932

- Many Americans turned to violent protests - eg: Commie-led march at Ford factory

- Detroit police used tear gas and bullets - 4 killed, 50 wounded

- “Bonus Army” of WWI vets gathered at Washington, DC

- Wanted immediate payments of $1,000 bonus bonds due for payment in 1945

- Eventually evicted y Douglas MacArthur, who claimed they were revolutionaries

- Democrats nominated New York senator FDR

- Pledged to give Americans a “new deal”

- Democrats won huge majorities in the House and the Senate as well

FDR and the First New Deal

- Of all the century’s presidents, FDR had the greatest impact

- FDR controlled American policy through the Depression and the Second World War

FDR the Man

- FDR’s family had long-standing aristocratic values - educated at Harvard and Columbia

- Born 1882 in Dutchess County, New York

- 1905 - Married Eleanor Roosevelt, his distant cousin - EEEEWWWW!

- Nominated for VP in the losing 1920 campaign

- Stricken with polio in 1921 - Strengthened his resolve to continue in politics

- Won a national reputation as a reformer as governor of New York in the late 20s

- Built a “brain trust” around him who believed in using experts to sort out the economy

Restoring Confidence

- FDR’s inaugural address: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

- Called a four-day “bank holiday” to clear up the nation’s failing bank system

- FDR began a series of “fireside chats” to let the nation know what he was doing

- Became enormously successful

- Emergency Banking Act - allowed successful banks to reopen only with permission

- By mid-March, 1933, 50% of banks held about 90% of the nation’s deposits

The Hundred Days

- From March to June 1933 FDR pushed through various acts to combat the Depression

- The “New Deal”, as it was called, was not one unified program but many acts

- Focused on reviving industrial and agricultural sectors - Five main aspects:

- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - gave young men work conserving the nation’s natural resources, building roads, reforesting, etc

- Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - gave federal grants directly to the states and local governments for relief

- Led by Harry Hopkins, who became the most important New Deal figure

- Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - gave relief to farmers by establishing parity prices for products, and also gave grants for reducing production surpluses

- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - economic development and cheap electricity for Tennessee Valley, also gave cheap fertilizer to farmers

- National Industrial Recovery Act - made up of two main parts:

- National Recovery Administration (NRA) - regulated businesses through codes regulating prices, output, and trade practices

- Public Works Administration (PWA) - Gave more than $3 billion for public works; wanted to increase the number of jobs and also raise consumer spending

Left Turn and the Second New Deal

- FDR’s active spirit in Washington brought reassurance that the nation was on track

- Some felt Roosevelt had done too much, others felt not enough

Roosevelt’s Critics

- American Liberty League held FDR responsible for the decline of personal liberty

- Democrats managed to increase their majorities in the mid-term elections - unusual

- Father Charles E. Coughlin - originally supported FDR, but then turned against him

- Coughlin felt he did not have enough influence on national policies

- Eventually founded the National Union for Social Justice - Anti-FDR

- Nominated a candidate for the Union Party in 1936

- Many left-wing Democrats felt the New Deal did not go far enough

- Huey Long originally supported FDR but aspired to the presidency

- Assassinated in 1935 by a disgruntled political enemy

- Although workers tried to strike to gain reforms, they were usually met by police

The Second Hundred Days

- 1935 - Roosevelt focused on new programs of social reform

- Strengthen national committment to creating jobs

- Provide security against old age, unemployment and illness

- Improve housing conditions and cleaning slums

- Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

- Allocated $5 billion for large-scale public works programs for the jobless

- Social Security Act (1935) - Provided old-age pensions and unemployment insurance

- Resettlement Administration (RA) - designed to move families to better areas

- Due to lack of funds, only about 1% of the intended group was actually moved

Labor’s Upsurge: Rise of the CIO

- Between 1932 and 1942 union membership rose by more than 4 times

- Committee for Industrial Organization - wanted to group workers by industry, not craft

- Wanted to include blacks and women

- Sit-down strikes: Workers refused to work, but stayed in the factory

- CIO membership grew to nearly 4 million people

- Became the Congress of Industrial Organizations

The New Deal Coalition at High Tide

- Very few political observers predicted the 1936 election’s lopsided outcome

- FDR’s opponents called the New Deal “socialistic” and criticized his central power

- On election day, FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont

- Very popular among blue-collar workers and farmers

- FDR had managed to turn the Depression around

The New Deal and the West

- Westerners recieved more from the New Deal than any other area, per capita

- The New Deal helped to propel the west into the modern era

The Dust Bowl

- Overcropping stripped the soil in the plains of its nutrients, and it dried up and died

- As wheat prices fell, farmers needed to harvest more and more land

- Unable to rotate crops effectively

- Winds blew up the dried soil and left many areas unsuitable for farming

- Resettlement Administration gave many families relief aid

- When rains came, farmers began to pursue commercial agriculture with wild abandon

- Many victims of the Dust Bowl migrated to California

- Sand and dust vs. Sun and hot chicks? Which would you choose?

- Many poor whites competed with Mexican immigrants for jobs - led to much racism

Water Policy

- The New Deal provided many projects aimed at increasing irrigation in the west

- Boulder Dam - Later renamed the Hoover Dam - built to harness the Colorado River

- Roosevelt’s support of power projects in the west led to his large support in elections

- 1935 - Central Valley Project - designed to bring water to arid lands in the south

- Grand Coulee Dam - 1941 - designed to help irrigate the Pacific Northwest

A New Deal for Indians

- Bureau of Indian Affairs had a long history of corruption and mismanagement

- John Collier appointed by FDR to bring reform to Indian Affairs

- Led the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) - gave surplus land to tribal ownership

- Very difficult to get the Indians to agree to the IRA - language barriers made it tough

- Rejected by the Navajos and other groups

Depression-Era Culture

- During the Depression, sentiments of protest and celebration both existed

- Movies, radio broadcasting and big-band jazz achieved a central place in US life

A New Deal for the Arts

- Federal Project No. 1 - Offered work to artisans and intellectuals

- Federal Writers Project - Employed 5,000 writers on various projects

- Federal Theatre Project - Sought to expand the traditional audience of theatre

- Tickets were cheap and put on a variety of plays

- Federal Music Project and Federal Art Project did the same thing

The Documentary Impulse

- Many documentaries were produced with a view to creating social change

- Some aimed at overthrowing capitalism in a revolutionary way

- Photographers helped document working conditions, etc

- Poor people were portrayed as resilient and determined to overcome adversity

Waiting for Lefty

- Although few Americans actually became Communist, Marxist writings affected the era

- Some Americans saw the Russian system as an alternative to the failing American one

- Many intellectuals briefly flirted with the idea of becoming Communist

- Communists tended to be strong supporters of the New Deal

Hollywood in the 1930s

- The advent of “talkies” towards the end of the 20s made movies popular

- Gangster films did very well in the early depression years

- Little Caesar and Public Enemy showed criminals being brought to justice, but also gave audiences exposure to lawbreaking, wealth, and power

- By and large, Hollywood avoided confronting dangerous social issues

The Golden Age of Radio

- By the end of the 30s, radios could be found in 90% of American homes

- NBC and CBS dominated radio broadcasting - controlled nearly 90%

- Dramas such as Fall of the City and War of the Worlds showed radios persuasive power

- 1939 - 70% of Americans relied on the radio as their prime source of news

The Swing Era

- The radio led to the widespread acceptance of jazz music

- Benny Goodman became the key figure in the “swing era”

- Inspired by black musicians, and created big band arrangements

- Swing music was perfect for young fans to dance to

- The mass culture industry was formed during the Depression

The Limits of Freedom

- FDR emphasized that much still had to be done to fix the Depression

- By 1937 the New Deal was in retreat and social reforms were suffering setbacks

Court Packing

- Several Supreme Court decisions found the New Deal to be unconstitutional

- FDR introduced a bill to allow him to appoint new judges when older ones reached 70

- Many newspapers denounced FDR’s “court-packing bill”

- Roosevelt compromised and made his bill reform lower courts only

- This battle lost him valuable support in Congress

The Women’s Network

- 1940 - More than a quarter of the workforce was female

- Eleanor Roosevelt actively used her influence as First Lady to fight for reforms

- Saw herself as a guardian of “human values” within the administration

- Eleanor Roosevelt’s chief political ally was Molly Dewson

- Head of the Women’s Division of the National Democratic Party

- FDR appointed the first cabinet woman in history - Frances Perkins

A New Deal for Minorities?

- During the depression, black workers were often the “last hired, first fired”

- FDR made little effort to combat this racism - worried about losing valuable votes

- Refused to introduce legislation making lynching a federal crime

- FDR appointed many blacks to second-level cabinet positions

- By 1936, many blacks had shifted to the Democrats - supported the New Deal

The Roosevelt Recession

- By 1937, the economy had improved significantly

- When Roosevelt called for cutbacks in government spending, it caused a steep recession

- Republican gains in the mid-term elections made it harder to push bills through

- By 1938 the reform whirlwind that was the New Deal was all but over

The Twenties

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1.Second Industrial Revolution - American manufactoring, in which technological innovations made it possible to increase industrial output without expanding its labor force

2.assembly line- A process by which individual parts of a larger product are put together in a specific order.

3.Henry Ford - He is the founder of the Ford motor company.

4.Model T - An automobile that help revolutionize transportation in america, produced by Ford motor company

5.return to ‘normalcy’ - United States presidential candidate,Warren G. Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920; a return to the way of life before WWI.

6.Teapot Dome Scandal- A government scandal, Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and two other locations to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.

7.Taylorism - A scientific management that breaks every task into small and simple segments which can be easily analyzed and taught.

8.League of Women Voters -league form in 1920 advocating for women's right, among them the right for women to serve juries and equal pay laws.

9.Madame C. J. Walker - African american business women who makes a living selling beauty products for black women under her company she founded, Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company

10.Marcus Garvey - He is an orator for the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, which he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.

11.nativism - Favoring the interests and culture of native born inhabitants over those of immigrants

12.flappers - Young western women who wore short skirts, listen t o jazz, and bobbed their hair.

13. Immigration Act (National Origins Act of 1921) – restricted immigration into the U.S to only 357,000 annually; 3% limitation based on Census for that ethnicity

14. Immigration Act of 1924 - further limited the number of immigrants allowed into U.S. to 164,000 annually; 2% limitation

15. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial - a controversial trial involving the conviction of two Italian anarchists for murder

16. Scopes ‘Monkey’ Trial (1924) – trial in which high school teacher John Scopes was accused of violating Tennessee’s Butler Act which restricted the teachings of evolution in schools

17. Consumer culture - A culture in which the attainment of ownership and possession of goods and services is presented as the primary aim of individual endeavor and the key source of social status and prestige

18. Andrew Mellon –influential Pittsburg banker served as secretary of treasury, believed govt ought to be run by corporation principles

19. Aimee Semple McPherson – Canadian-american evangelist and media celebrity, - founded FourSquare Church, broadened her message with the use of media/technology

20. “The Jazz Singer” – the first full length motion picture with sound, starred Al Johnson

21. Great Migration –movement of millions of blacks from south to north for a better life, jobs and no racism

22. Charles Lindbergh - completed the first solo transatlantic airplane flight

23. Louis Armstrong - American jazz trumpeter

24. "Black Sox" Scandal - scandal in which 8 players for the Chicago White Sox were banned for life from playing baseball for intentionally losing games

25. Babe Ruth - the most famous Major League Baseball player ever

26. Charlie Chaplin - English comic actor

27. Rudolph Valentino - Italian actor and early pop icon

28.Mary pickford- Canadian born motion picture actress

29.Volstead act (1920)- Enabled legislation for the 18th amendment which established prohibition

30.Al Capone- American gangster who led prohibition-era crime

31.Speakeasy- establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages

32.Lost Generation- refers to the generation, that came of age during World War I.

33. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby – a literary classic that takes place during WWI and the roaring twenties; discussed about glamorous parties of the wealthy while evoking the tragic limits of material success.

34. Sinclair Lewis- American novelist; his works were known for their critical views of American society

35. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms – a semi-autobiographical novel concerning the events during the Italian campaigns of WWI

36. Josephine Baker- African American dancer, singer, and actress; “Creole Goddess”

37. Harlem Renaissance- a literary, artistic, cultural, and intellectual movement that began in Harlem, NY after WWI

38. Langston Hughes- American poet; according to him, “Harlem was in vogue.”

39. Countee Cullen – American Poet

40. Claude McKay- Jamaican-American writer and poet

41. Zora Neale Hurston – American folklorist, anthropologist, and author; “Their Eyes Were Watching God”

42. “Jazz Age” – the emergence of jazz music and dance during the roaring twenties, thanks to the radio

43. Georgia O’ Keefe – popular American artist

44. George Gershwin- American composer and pianist; “Rhapsody in Blue”

45. Frank Lloyd Wright – American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator

46. Al Smith – Democratic presidential candidate in the Election of 1928

47. “On-Margin” buying – borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock

48. Prohibition – banning the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcohol

49. Sigmund Freud- Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis

50. Disillusionment – to free from or deprive of illusion, belief, etc; characteristic of the “Lost Generation”

51. Gertrude Stein – American writer, poet, and art collector

52. Evolution – any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of populations

53. Creationism – religious belief that life and humanity are the creation of God

54. William Jennings Bryan – fundamentalist and oppressor of Darwinism

55. Clarence Darrow - American lawyer and leader of the American Civil Liberties Union

56. Red Scare – the widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism in the U.S.

57. Palmer Raids – raids led by Gen. Palmer to root out and eliminate suspected communists and anarchists

58. Bolshevik Revolution – a Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin; the Bolsheviks followed Marxism and other socialistic theologies

59. Emma Goldman – anarchist known for her political activism; deported to Russia

60. Ku Klux Klan – a social movement that was reborn during this period with the addition of anti-Catholic and nativist beliefs

61. Fundamentalism- a strict adherence to the Bible and religion

62. Washington Conference (1921)- international conference called by the united states to limit the naval arms race and work out security agreements in the pacific area.

63. Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)- Raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms.

64. Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928) – An agreement that attempted to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy.

65. Dawes Plan (1924) - Was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany.

66. Leopold and Loeb Trial- Trial against were two Jewish wealthy University of Michigan alumni and University of Chicago students who murdered 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks in 1924 and were sentenced to life imprisonment.

The Twenties

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The Twenties

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Quetzal era un valiente muchacho, hijo del poderoso cacique (indigenous chief) de una tribu quiché.

Era admirado y querido por todos. Esperaban de él grandes hazañas (feats), pues desde el día de su

nacimiento (birth) habían notado en Quetzal muchas señales de predestinación (predestination or

sign of a good future).

Cuando el joven llegó a la mayoría de edad (legal adult) y pudo participar en todos

los asuntos de los guerreros (warriors) quichés, se reunió la tribu en un gran claro

del bosque para celebrar la ocasión. Primero, los músicos tocaron los tambores,

después las flautas y más tarde la marimba. Entonces llegó el momento tan esperado

cuando se daría a conocer (se anunciará) el destino de Quetzal.

En medio de un silencio expectante, el adivino (prophet) más anciano se levantó de

su asiento bajo el árbol de color coral. Lentamente y con dignidad, arrojó (he threw) a su alrededor

con sabia mano los granos coralinos (seeds from a coral tree). Los estudió por unos momentos, algo

perplejo (perplexed, confused) y lleno de admiración. Al fin anunció claro y firme:

-- Tu destino está decidido, Quetzal. No has de morir nunca. Vivirás eternamente a través de

generaciones de quichés.

Todas las personas reunidas se quedaron perplejas ante aquella profecía, y la admiración y el

entusiasmo que tenían por Quetzal aumentaron.

Pero no toda la tribu amaba (loved) al muchacho. Había una persona a quien los éxitos de Quetzal le

molestaban. Era Chiruma, el hermano del cacique.

Chiruma era casi tan joven como Quetzal y había soñado (had dreamed... of) toda su vida con ser

cacique. Pero ahora, después de escuchar la profecía del adivino, ¿cómo podría él realizar su

ambición? Era indudable que Quetzal, admirado por todos y considerado casi un dios (god), sería el

jefe de la tribu al morir su padre.

Poco después de la ceremonia en honor de Quetzal, él y los otros jóvenes de su edad participaron en

una lucha contra un enemigo (enemy) del sur. Chiruma aprovechó (took advantage of) esta ocasión

para no perder de vista a Quetzal. Estaba perplejo al notar que las flechas (arrows) que rodeaban al

joven nunca lo herían (wounded). ¿Sería cierta la profecía que el adivino había hecho? Pero no,

¡aquello era imposible! ¿Cómo iba a vivir Quetzal a través de generaciones?

De pronto, Chiruma tuvo una idea.

-- Ya sé -- pensó. -- Ya sé por qué la muerte respeta a Quetzal. Tiene algún amuleto (amulet, good

luck charm) poderoso que lo protege y yo voy a robárselo cuando esté durmiendo.

Esa misma noche cuando Quetzal dormía profundamente sobre su estera (sleeping mat) Chiruma se

acercó a él con paso silencioso. Miró sobre su pecho. El amuleto no estaba allí. Iba ya a irse cuando

vio a la cabeza de la estera donde dormía el joven una pluma de colibrí (hummingbird feather).

Chiruma no dudó ni por un momento de que aquello era lo que buscaba. Con todo el cuidado posible

sacó la brillante pluma mientras sonreía de felicidad.2

Entonces recordó lo que había dicho el adivino cuando nació (was born) Quetzal: que el colibrí era el

símbolo de la buena suerte del niño.

Pasó algún tiempo y murió el cacique. Inmediatamente los ancianos (elders) eligieron

a Quetzal para ser el nuevo jefe.

Chiruma, por supuesto, no dio ninguna seña de su enojo (sign of his anger). Estaba

seguro de que muy pronto el nuevo cacique sin su amuleto poderoso podría ser

vencido (defeated).

Cierta tarde, Quetzal, el nuevo cacique, paseaba por el bosque, solitario, armado de su arco (bow) y

sus flechas. De súbito (suddenly) un colibrí hermoso descendió de un árbol y sin miedo se posó

sobre su hombro.

--Escúchame, Quetzal. Soy tu protector y vengo a prevenirte (warn you) de que la muerte te

persigue. Guárdate de cierto hombre.

--¿De cuál hombre he de guardarme, hermoso colibrí? -- preguntó el joven.

Pero el pájaro no pronunció ni una palabra más. Después de mirar unos instantes a

Quetzal, emprendió el vuelo y desapareció.

El joven, con una seña de incomprensión continuó su camino. De pronto un agudo silbido

(whistle) llegó hasta él y una flecha quedó clavada (stuck) en su pecho (chest). Cayó sobre la

hierba verde y cerró los ojos dispuesto a morir.

Pero los dioses (gods) habían predicho (had predicted) su inmortalidad y Quetzal quedó

convertido en un hermoso pájaro. Su cuerpo tomó el color verde de la hierba sobre la

que había caído y su pecho conservó el color de la sangre. El sol dorado de la tarde puso en

su larga cola (tail) una gran variedad de colores.

Por muchos siglos (centuries) se ha considerado al Quetzal como pájaro sagrado

(sacred) que hasta hoy día no se permite cazarlo (hunt it). Guatemala ha honrado a este

pájaro bello, colocando su imagen en el escudo (shield) nacional de armas. También la

moneda (currency) de este país se llama quetzal.

Así como lo predijo el adivino, y como lo quisieron los dioses, el joven y valiente cacique vive y vivirá

para siempre en el país de los maya-quiché.

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QUESTIONS

1. Theodore Roosevelt's 'Big Stick' policy was a belief that to maintain and increase America's economic and political stature, America must be militarily strong.

2. The reason why Americans were interested in building the Panama Canal was to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The issue surrounding the area where the canal would be built was that Panama was a provice of Colombia and Colombia refused to accept American's offers. Some setbacks that America faced were that they had to pay Panama $10 million initaially and $250,000 a year for the canal zone. Also, America paid Colombia $25 million.

3. The "Dollar Diplomacy" assumed that political influence would increased US trade and investmen. The negative connotion of this belief was that, America would be in more conflicts which would involve military support to protect American businesses over in other countries. Our involvment in the central America had resulted in the rapid growth of the America's economic.

4. Wilson had a bitter, long relationship with Mexico. It all started after Huerta comes into power after murdering the previous leader Madero. Wilson refused to recognize Mexico's government. The Constitutionalists, people who opposed Huerta, came to prominence with its leader Carranza. As a man of compromise and peace, Wilson wanted to provide a compromise between both factions, but they refused. Pancho Villa, Carranza's former ally, had support from Wilson for his opposition. However, he turns against the U.S. and tried to provoke a war. General Pershing was given the task to capture him, but it was difficult as Pancho Villa continuously outran U.S. forces. This sent a message to other powers that the U.S. was ready to become a world power.

5. The alliance system in Europe kept those countries under it at peace with each other. It's been that way ever since 1871. However, it was quite fragile and complex as it threatened to entangle many nations into any way.

(The question then asks you to make a chart. I'll provide the Central and Allied Powers and you'll make the chart.)

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, United States

6. The short-term cause of World War I was Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination. The long-term causes were the imperialistic foreign policies by great European powers, the alliance system itself, and the rise of militarism in Europe.

7.president Wilson wanted to remain neutral during the war. He declared a proclamation of neutrality for political and economic purposes. Trade and loans to the allies and central powers increase in America. But with germany practicing the sinking of ships in their water way by using submarines, which violated the neutral rights, begin to changed wilson’s opinion on neutrality. Finally Wilson wanted congress to declare war when germany allied with mexico to fight against the US in return for their territories in southern US.

8. the assassination of the archduke was the “power keg” that led to the outbreak of WWI because his assassination was caused by nationalism from Serbia. They wanted austro-hungarian to annexed Bosnia to Serbia. This led germany to encourage austo-hungary to retaliate against Serbia then Serbia allied with russia for protection against germany and the austro-hungarian empire. Later germany invade Belgium which brought france into the war.

9. the factors that lead to the increase of anti-german feeling in America are germany’s practice of sinking ships by submarines; sinking merchant and cruise liner ships with Americans on it, and germany’s plan of helping mexico fight the US for their territories back in the Zimmermann note. Propagandas played an important role because it impacted American public opinion on the war.

10. Wilson justified the war by stating that “the right is more precious than the peace.” They need to fight for democracy in order to bring peace and liberty to the whole world.

11. George Creel is a journalist and reformer who became the civilian chairman of the Committee of Public Information. He was very successful and turned the CPI into an aggressive agency for promoting the war by producing war and anti-German literature, films, posters, etc.

12. Many critics believed the war was a way to defend democracy. However, writers like Randolph Bourne argued that war would lead to “disastrous consequences” and sharp infringement on political and intellectual freedoms. For some leading women, war was an opportunity for them to increase their chance of winning the right to vote.

13) Wilson created the committee on public information (CPI) to organize public opinions. It was dominated by journalist and reformer George creel. To sell the war, Creel raised the art of public relations to new heights. He enlisted more than 150,000 to work on a score of CPI committees. He produced more than 100 million pieces of literature. CPI made advertisements and called on stars like Charlie Chaplin, they also pushed for conformity.

14) African Americans who served found severe limitations. They were organized into segregated units. They were largely working as cooks, laundry men. They endured humiliation, sometimes violent treatment. They were denied service at restaurants and admission into movie theatres near training camps. African Americans eventually served in France but only about one in five saw combat.

15) Wilson established the War industries Bond as a clearing house for industrial mobilization. This helped to balance price controls against war profit. Congress also passed the food and fuel act. It raised the purchase price of grain and other commodities, so farmers would increase production. The bulk of financing the war came from government borrowing in the form of liberty bonds, that was sold to the American public, this made borrowing easier.

16. Women played active roles in the war and for the first time were shipped overseas with soldiers acting as nurses, clerical workers, telephone operators, and canteen operators. African-Americans played a small part in the war as they faced racism by their american Officers and they were given only the most remedial tasks never seeing combat. Some 200,000 were shipped to France were treated much better. Still only about 1/5 of those in France saw combat.

17. Pershing's forces had the exoerience of at least 6 months training before actual combat. These forces aided the French forces in repelling the German invasion in the battls of Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood and later they aided in an offensive that ultimately exhausted Germany's forces.

18. The president (Wilson) established different organizations such as the War Industries Board or the Food Administration to gain federal control of different goods. They government also gained money by selling Liberty Bonds to americans. Ultimately, this caused the nations debt to jump from 1 billion in 1915 to 20 billion in 1920

19.) The government took in labor as a junior partner in the mobilization of the economy. The expansion of the economy, combined with army mobilization and a decline in immigration from Europe, caused a growing wartime labor shortage. As the demand for workers intensified, the federal government was forced to recognize that labor, like any other resource or commodity, would have to be more carefully tended to than in peacetime.

20.) For the women already in the labor force, the war meant a chance to switch fom low-paying jobs, such as domestic service, to higher-paying industrial employment. Economic opportunity brought on by war prosperity triggered a massive migration of rural black southerners to northern cities. Acute labor shortages led northern factory managers to recruit black migrants to the expanding industrial centers. Black workers left low-paying jobs as field hands and domestic servants for the chance at relatively high-paying jobs such as working in meatpacking plants, shipyards, and steel mills.

21.) The US entry into the war provided a unique opportunity for suffrage groups to shift their strategy to a national campaign for a constitutional amendment granting the vote to women. Also, the movement to eliminate alcohol from American life had attracted many Americans, especially women, since before the Civil War. Temperance advocates saw drinking as the source of many of the worst problems faced by the working class, including family violence, unemployment, and poverty.

22. The Espionage act passed on June 15, 1917, is a United States federal law it provided penalties of 20 years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000 for those convicted of interfering with military recruitment.

The sedition act that made it illegal to criticize the government or Constitution, either by writing or speech

The government used these acts condemn radicals, and left-wing organizations.

Many opposed these acts, because they believed the acts took away their freedom of speech.

23. Many whites feared that the blacks , would assert themselves socially and politically, and acts of race terror increased with alarming frequency in 1919. Labor strife occurred because of inflation, high prices for food, fuel and housing and because of difficult working conditions and unfair 12 hour day in the mills.

24. The Fourteen Points was a peace plan made by President Woodrow Wilson. The purpose of the Fourteen Points were to:

Appeal to antiwar fractions in Austria-Hungary and Germany
Convince Russia to stay in the war
Help sustain allied morale

Wilson’s Fourteen Points presented a world order that was firmly rooted in liberal Progressivism

25.Wilson's fourteen points needed atleast 2/3 of the vote in congress in order to be ratified, but there were many opposing forces in the senate disagreeing on his idea of joining the league of nations.

26. The provisions of the Treaty of the Versailies established nine new nations, stopped germany from mantaining an army, required germany to return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to france and pay reparations or war damages averaging around 33 billion. The weaknesses of this treaty were that germany was force to admit to the responsibility of starting world war one. Germany were losing many of their land from the reparations , and wanted to get their land back, which leads to World war 2.

27. The red scare of 1919-1920 were caused by the fear of bolshevism and anarchism; also 8 bomb attacks that killed two people. Those fears were not justifed because thousands of people including citzens of the U.S and non-communists were forced into prison and around 600 foreigners were also deported.

VOCABS

1. Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, and Russia

2. Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

3. Archduke Franz Ferdinand- Was assassinated in Sarajevo Bosnia. He was suppose to heir to the throne of the unstable Austro-Hungarian Empire. His assassination started the whole World War I

4.Sarajevo - city in Bosnia where Ferdinand was assassinated in

5. Lusitania - British ship sunken by a German U-boat that turned public opinion in many nations against Germany

6. Sussex Pledge - Germany's modified policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, later disregarded; fearing U.S. entrance into World War I, Germany issues this after sinking the Sussex and it allowed a search of merchant ships for weapons before being attacked

7.Zimmerman Note – a proposal that an alliance would be made between germany and mexico if the US enters the war.

8.5unrestricted submarine warfare – all enemy shipping in the british isles are subject to surprise submarine attack by germany since they declare the water around the british isles to be a war zone.

9.Liberty bonds – interest-bearing certificates sold by the US government to finance the American WWI effort.

10.Jeannette Rankin – the first woman to be elected into congress from Montana. Voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

11. War Industries Board – the federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI, proved a major innovation in expanding the federal government’s regulatory power

12. Selective Service Act (1917) – the law establishing the military draft for WWI

13. Bernard Baruch – Leader of the War Industries Board (WIB)

14. War Labor Board – acted as a kind of supreme court for labor, arbitrating disputes and working to prevent disruptions in production

15) Billy Sunday- Baseball Evangelist, supporter of prohibition

16) Ludlow massacre- attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado

17) Great migration-the movement of 6 million blacks out of the Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970

18. George Creel - Journalist and reformer, chairman of CPI, used his position to promote the war trying to inform and enlist as many americans as possible.

19. propaganda -The use of false or exaggerated stories to inspire immediate action or change morale

20. Emma Goldman -prominent anarchist, deported by Gen. Mitchell Palmer for being part of a revolutionary organization

21. Espionage Act- Law whose vague prohibition against obstructing the nation's war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during WWI.

22. Sedition Act- Broad law restricting criticism of America's involvement in WWI or its government, flag, military, taxes, or officials.

23. American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]- a U.S. non-profit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."

24. Schenk v. US - Court unanimously agreed with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes's claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger."

25. “The Big Four”- The Big Four were the Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, after World War I. They were:

President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) of the United States.
Prime Minister David Lloyd George (1863–1945) of Britain.
Premier Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929) of France.
Premier Vittorio Orlando (1860–1952) of Italy.

26. Article X- was published in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947. The article was written by George F. Kennan, it called for assistance to be given to those members that experiences external aggression.

27. War Guilt Clause- Justified the idea of Germany paying the reparations, by Forcing Germany to say they cause the war alone.

League of Nations - International organizations created by the versailles treaty after world war one to ensure world stability.

Fourteen points - President Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace on january 1918 to congress that appeal to anti war factions in austria-Hungary and germany, convice Russia to stay in war, and help sustain allied morale.

Self determination - The right of the people or a nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influences.

Crash Into Me by Albert Borris

2009-08-15T10:09:00.000-07:00

A debut novel from Albert Borris, Crash Into Me is out now! I came upon this book a while ago. Come to think of it, I don't even remember how! Just know that Internet brought me to this intense-driven book.

PRODUCT DETAILS:

Reading level: Young Adult
Hardcover: 272 pages
Publisher: Simon Pulse (July 7, 2009)

SUMMARY:

Owen, Frank, Audrey, and Jin-Ae have one thing in common: they all want to die. When they meet online after each attempts suicide and fails, the four teens make a deadly pact: they will escape together on a summer road trip to visit the sites of celebrity suicides...and at their final destination, they will all end their lives. As they drive cross-country, bonding over their dark impulses, sharing their deepest secrets and desires, living it up, hooking up, and becoming true friends, each must decide whether life is worth living--or if there's no turning back.

Exciting, don't you think? I've browsed inside it on Simon & Schuster Publishing website, and it was really good! Like you must read the rest of the book or you won't be satiated. (I need to read the rest myself, too =p)

So go out and buy it! Available at Barnes & Noble and other bookstores now.

Princess Bookie's holding a Massive Book Giveaway!

2009-08-14T10:59:00.000-07:00

From Cindy at Princess Bookie:

I've decided I need to free up a little space in the house for all the September book releases. Have you noticed that there are a ton of new books coming out in September? OH MY!!! So in tradition of that I'm hosting a new contest. Link: http://cutelittlecindy.blogspot.com/2009/08/another-contest_12.html

There will be numerous ways to get extra entries! So I've went through all my books that I know everyone is pining for and decided to give everyone else a chance to read them!!!! I've got all my reviews scheduled to post, so time to part with some of these amazing books!Here Are

The Rules:

You must leave some way to contact you to be entered. No way to email you, I will draw another name.
+1 for Leaving A Comment
+3 for becoming a follower or already being a follower
+5 For Promoting this contest on your blog, sidebars do not count, must be a entry
+1 For Promoting This contest on your sidebar
+1 Telling me the name of the person who referred you and the person who does the referring also gets an extra point (just include in your comment)
+6 Including your Link to Your Latest Waiting On Wednesday Post in My Linky (we all like looking at them, LOL)
(since this is two weeks long, if you come back and include it again next week, You will get 6 more entries.)

The Winner Will Get All These Books.

1. Hush Hush by Becca Fitzpatrick ARC
2. Along For The Ride by Sarah Dessen ARC
3. Kiss of Life by Daniel Waters ARC
4. Shiver by Maggie Stiefvater ARC
5. Troy High by Shana Norris ARC
6. Love You Hate You Miss You by Elizabeth Scott ARC
7. Reincarnation by Suzanne Weyn ARC
8. Lovestruck Summer by Melissa Walker
9. Death by Series by Linda Gerber (3 books total)
10. a 5 dollar giftcard from Walmart (you can buy yourself half of a book with it, lol)
11. 3 Sarah Dessen books ( Just Listen, This Lullaby, Someone Like You)12. Suite Scarlett by Maureen Johnson
13. Fire By Kristin Cashmore ARC
14. Last but not least, I have some extra amazon cards, so I will also include a preorder for CATCHING FIRE BY SUZANNE COLLINS. It will be shipped to on or around Sept 1st (whenever they ship it)
AND a book of your choice (under $15.00 please and it can be a preorder as long as it comes out in September-so many good books get released)

I will also include a choice of two of these books (ARCS) to a second person!
NOTE: You can see the book covers for the second winner if you go to her contest site:
http://cutelittlecindy.blogspot.com/2009/08/another-contest_12.html

Good luck to everyone!

Gone & Hunger

2009-08-07T08:59:00.001-07:00

Just yesterday I came upon this sci-fi series. It's respectfully called Gone. The synopsis was very attention-grabbing. Filled with suspense that'll want you to devour the series. On the left is the cover of the first book, Gone, written by Michael Grant.

Here is the synopsis for the book:

In the blink of an eye. Everyone disappears. GONE.

Except for the young. Teens. Middle schoolers. Toddlers. But not one single adult. No teachers, no cops, no doctors, no parents. Just as suddenly, there are no phones, no internet, no television. No way to get help. And no way to figure out what's happened.
Hunger threatens. Bullies rule. A sinister creature lurks. Animals are mutating. And the teens themselves are changing, developing new talents—unimaginable, dangerous, deadly powers—that grow stronger by the day.
It's a terrifying new world. Sides are being chosen, a fight is shaping up. Townies against rich kids. Bullies against the weak. Powerful against powerless. And time is running out: On your birthday, you disappear just like everyone else...

Suspensful, right? I'd say. When you finish this awesome beginning to an awesome thrill-ride series, don't forget to look for the second book, Hunger. A Gone novel.

Here is the synopsis for Hunger:

It's been three months since everyone under the age of fifteen became trapped in the bubble known as the FAYZ. Three months since all the adults disappeared.

GONE.

Food ran out weeks. Everyone is starving, but no one wants to figure out a solution. And each day, more and more kids are evolving, developing supernatural abilities that set them apart from the kids without powers.
Tension rises and chaos is descending upon the town. It's the normal kids against the mutants. Each kid is out for himself, and even the good ones turn murderous.
But a larger problem looms. The Darkness, a sinister creature that has lived buried deep in the hills, begins calling to some of the teens in the FAYZ. Calling to them, guiding them, manipulating them.
The Darkness has awakened. And it is hungry.

This series are seriously good! Get them in hardcover now!